How to Download and Install 12c Database for Linux
If you are looking for a reliable, scalable, and secure database solution for your Linux environment, you might want to consider Oracle Database 12c. Oracle Database 12c is the latest generation of the world's most popular database, offering a wide range of features and enhancements to help you manage your data more efficiently and effectively.
In this article, we will guide you through the steps of downloading and installing Oracle Database 12c on Linux, as well as creating a database using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant. We will also cover some of the benefits of using Oracle Database 12c on Linux, as well as some common issues and solutions that you might encounter during the installation process.
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Benefits of 12c Database for Linux
Oracle Database on Linux offers many advantages for customers who want to lower their IT costs while delivering high quality of service. With Oracle Database 12c and Oracle Linux, customers benefit from the joint development and testing done by Oracle to deliver the best features, stability, and performance to enable the next generation of cloud computing. Some of the benefits include:
Performance leadership: Oracle Linux is optimized for Oracle Database and continues to set world record benchmarks on x86 servers. Oracle Linux and Oracle Database also support advanced features such as Database Smart Flash Cache, which allows customers to expand the database buffer cache beyond the main memory to a second level cache on flash memory, thereby greatly increasing transaction throughput and improving application response times.
Mission-critical reliability, availability, and serviceability: You can reduce downtime costs by protecting your business from all common causes of planned and unplanned downtime by running your database on Oracle Linux. Oracle Linux Basic and Premier Support subscriptions include Oracle Clusterware at no additional charge. Oracle Clusterware is a powerful solution for high availability and redundancy in the data center.
Simplified IT operations: Oracle Linux provides advanced virtualization, multi-architecture workload support, and operations management capabilities that make it easier to deploy and manage Oracle Database on Linux. You can also use Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control to monitor and manage your entire Oracle stack, from applications to disk, including Oracle Linux and Oracle Database.
Security and compliance: Oracle Linux helps you minimize network security vulnerabilities and comply with increasingly complex regulations by providing features such as kernel-based firewall, transparent encryption, audit framework, SELinux enhancements, and more. You can also leverage Oracle Advanced Security option to encrypt data at rest and in transit, as well as implement fine-grained access control policies.
Prerequisites for 12c Database Installation
Before you start downloading and installing Oracle Database 12c on Linux, you need to make sure that your system meets the minimum hardware and software requirements. Here are some of the main prerequisites that you need to check:
Hardware requirements: You need at least a dual-core processor with a minimum speed of 1.6 GHz, at least 2 GB of RAM (4 GB recommended), at least 10 GB of free disk space (15 GB recommended), and a DVD drive or USB port if you are installing from media.
Software requirements: You need a supported Linux distribution such as Oracle Linux, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, or CentOS. You also need to install some required packages and libraries, such as binutils, gcc, glibc, libaio, libstdc++, and more. You can find the complete list of required packages and their versions in the Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux.
User and group requirements: You need to create a dedicated user and group for Oracle Database installation. The user should have a home directory, a login shell, and a password. The user should also belong to the group that owns the Oracle inventory, which is a catalog of all Oracle software installations on a system. By default, the group name is oinstall. You can also create an optional OSDBA group (such as dba) to grant administrative privileges to database users.
Network requirements: You need to configure your network settings to allow Oracle Database to communicate with other computers. You need to have a valid host name that can be resolved by the Domain Name System (DNS) or the /etc/hosts file. You also need to have a fixed IP address and avoid using DHCP.
Downloading 12c Database Software for Linux
Once you have verified that your system meets the prerequisites, you can proceed to download the Oracle Database 12c software for Linux from the Oracle website. Here are the steps to follow:
Choosing the Right Version and Platform
The first step is to choose the right version and platform of Oracle Database 12c that suits your needs. There are two editions of Oracle Database 12c: Enterprise Edition and Standard Edition 2. Enterprise Edition offers more features and options for scalability, performance, security, and availability. Standard Edition 2 is a lower-cost option that provides core database functionality for small and medium-sized businesses.
You also need to choose the right platform for your Linux distribution. Oracle Database 12c supports both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures, but 64-bit is recommended for better performance and larger memory support. You also need to choose the right installer type for your platform: zip or rpm. Zip files are compressed archives that you need to extract before installation. Rpm files are packages that you can install using the rpm command.
Downloading from Oracle Website
The next step is to download the Oracle Database 12c software from the Oracle website. You need to have an Oracle account to access the download page. If you don't have one, you can create one for free by clicking on the Sign In link and then on the Create Account button.
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Once you have signed in, you can go to the Oracle Database 12c download page and accept the license agreement. Then, you can select the edition, version, and platform of your choice and click on the Download button. You will see a list of files that you need to download. The file names start with linuxx64_12201_database or linuxx64_12201_database_1of2 and linuxx64_12201_database_2of2 depending on the installer type. You need to download both files if you choose the zip installer type.
Extracting the Installation File
The final step is to extract the installation file from the downloaded zip archive. You need to use a tool such as unzip or gunzip to extract the files. You can use the following command to extract the files in a directory of your choice:
unzip linuxx64_12201_database.zip -d /home/oracle/database
This command will create a subdirectory called database under /home/oracle and extract all the files there. You can change the destination directory according to your preference.
Installing 12c Database Software for Linux
After downloading and extracting the Oracle Database 12c software, you are ready to install it on your Linux system. Here are the steps to follow:
Modifying the Hosts File
The first step is to modify the hosts file on your system to include the host name and IP address of your computer. The hosts file is located in /etc/hosts and you need root privileges to edit it. You can use a text editor such as vi or nano to open the file and add a line like this:
192.168.1.100 oracle.example.com oracle
This line maps the IP address 192.168.1.100 to the host name oracle.example.com and its alias oracle. You need to replace these values with your own IP address and host name.
Configuring Oracle Installation Prerequisites
The next step is to configure some prerequisites for Oracle Database installation using a script provided by Oracle. The script is called oracle-rdbms-server-12cR1-preinstall and it is located in the database/rpm directory of the installation file. You need to run this script as root to perform the following tasks: - Create the Oracle user and groups if they do not exist - Set the kernel parameters and resource limits for the Oracle user - Install the required packages and libraries for Oracle Database - Configure the firewall rules to allow Oracle Database access You can run the script using the following command: rpm -ivh oracle-rdbms-server-12cR1-preinstall-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
This command will install the script and execute it automatically. You can verify the output of the script to see if there are any errors or warnings. Running Oracle Universal Installer
The final step is to run the Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) to install the Oracle Database software on your system. The OUI is a graphical user interface that guides you through the installation process. You need to run the OUI as the Oracle user that you created earlier. You can start the OUI using the following command: /home/oracle/database/runInstaller
This command will launch the OUI and display the welcome screen. You can follow these steps to complete the installation: - On the welcome screen, click Next to continue. - On the Select Installation Option screen, choose Create and Configure a Database and click Next. - On the System Class screen, choose Server Class and click Next. - On the Grid Installation Options screen, choose Single Instance Database Installation and click Next. - On the Select Install Type screen, choose Typical Install and click Next. - On the Typical Install Configuration screen, enter the following details and click Next: - Global Database Name: Enter a name for your database, such as orcl.example.com - Administrative Password: Enter a password for the SYS, SYSTEM, and PDBADMIN users of your database. Confirm the password by entering it again. - Storage Type: Choose File System and enter a path for your database files, such as /u01/app/oracle/oradata - Character Set: Choose AL32UTF8 or another character set that suits your needs - Create As Container Database: Check this option if you want to create a multitenant container database (CDB) with a default pluggable database (PDB). You can also specify a name for your PDB, such as pdb1. - On the Prerequisite Checks screen, review the results of the prerequisite checks and fix any errors or warnings before proceeding. Click Next to continue. - On the Summary screen, review the summary of your installation choices and click Install to begin the installation. - On the Install Product screen, wait for the installation progress to reach 100% and then click Next. - On the Execute Configuration Scripts screen, run the scripts that are displayed on your screen as root in another terminal window. Click OK to confirm that you have run them. - On the Finish screen, click Close to exit the OUI. Creating a Database Using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
After installing the Oracle Database software, you need to create a database using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA). The DBCA is a graphical user interface that helps you create and configure databases easily. You need to run the DBCA as the Oracle user that you installed earlier. You can start configuration details and click Next. - On the Storage Locations screen, choose whether you want to use file system or ASM for your database storage. If you choose file system, enter the same path that you used during the installation for your data files. If you choose ASM, enter the disk group name and redundancy level for your data files. Click Next to continue. - On the Recovery Configuration screen, choose whether you want to enable archiving mode and specify a recovery area for your database. You can also enable flashback database feature if you want to restore your database to a previous point in time. Click Next to continue. - On the Database Content screen, choose whether you want to create a container database with one or more pluggable databases. You can also select the sample schemas that you want to include in your database. Click Next to continue. - On the Initialization Parameters screen, review and modify the memory, sizing, character sets, and connection mode parameters for your database. You can also click on All Initialization Parameters to see and edit all the parameters. Click Next to continue. - On the Database Creation Options screen, choose whether you want to create the database now or save it as a template for later use. You can also generate the database creation scripts if you want to review or modify them before creating the database. Click Finish to proceed. - On the Summary screen, review the summary of your database creation choices and click OK to begin the database creation. - On the Progress screen, wait for the database creation progress to reach 100% and then click OK. - On the Finish screen, click Close to exit the DBCA. Verifying the Installation and Testing the Database
After creating the database using DBCA, you need to verify that the installation was successful and test the database functionality. Here are some steps that you can follow: Checking the Installation Log Files
You can check the installation log files to see if there were any errors or warnings during the installation process. The log files are located in /u01/app/oraInventory/logs or another directory that you specified during the installation. You can use a text editor or a command such as tail or grep to view the log files. Connecting to the Database Using SQL*Plus
You can connect to the database using SQL*Plus, which is a command-line tool that allows you to execute SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks. You need to set some environment variables before using SQL*Plus, such as ORACLE_HOME, ORACLE_SID, and PATH. You can use the following commands to set these variables: export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
These commands assume that you installed Oracle Database in /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1 and created a database with SID orcl. You need to change these values according to your installation. After setting these variables, you can use the following command to start SQL*Plus and connect to your database as SYS user: sqlplus / as sysdba
This command will prompt you for your password and then display a SQL prompt. You can execute SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks from this prompt. For example, you can use the following statement to query some information about your database: select name, open_mode, cdb from v$database;
This statement will display the name, open mode, and container status of your database. Troubleshooting Common Issues and Solutions for 12c Database Installation
Sometimes, you might encounter some issues or errors during or after installing Oracle Database 12c on Linux. Here are some of the common issues and solutions that you can try: Issue 1: Insufficient Memory or Swap Space
If you have insufficient memory or swap space on your system, you might see an error message like this during the installation:
PRVF-7532 : Sufficient physical memory is not available on node "oracle.example.com"
This error means that your system does not meet the minimum memory requirement for Oracle Database installation, which is 2 GB of RAM and 2 GB of swap space. To fix this issue, you can do one of the following:
Add more physical memory to your system if possible.
Increase the size of your swap space by creating a swap file or partition. You can use the following commands to create a 2 GB swap file and enable it:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=2048
chmod 600 /swapfile
mkswap /swapfile
swapon /swapfile
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add a line like this to make the swap file permanent:
/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
Issue 2: Missing or Incorrect Environment Variables
If you have missing or incorrect environment variables on your system, you might see an error message like this during the installation:
INS-13001: Environment does not meet minimum requirements.
This error means that your system does not have the required environment variables set for Oracle Database installation, such as ORACLE_HOME, ORACLE_SID, and PATH. To fix this issue, you can do one of the following:
Set the environment variables manually before running the OUI or DBCA. You can use the export command to set the variables, as shown in the previous section.
Edit the .bash_profile file in your Oracle user's home directory and add the export commands there. This will make the environment variables persistent for your Oracle user.
Run the oraenv or coraenv script to set the environment variables automatically. These scripts are located in /usr/local/bin and they prompt you for the Oracle home directory and SID.
Issue 3: Failed Prerequisite Checks or Errors During Installation
If you have failed prerequisite checks or errors during installation, you might see an error message like this during the installation:
[FATAL] [INS-35354] The system on which you are attempting to install Oracle Database software does not meet the minimum requirements.
This error means that your system does not pass some of the prerequisite checks that are performed by the OUI before installing Oracle Database software. These checks include hardware, software, user, group, network, and storage requirements. To fix this issue, you can do one of the following:
Review the error message and the log files to identify the cause of the failure. You can find the log files in /u01/app/oraInventory/logs or another directory that you specified during the installation.
Fix the issue by modifying your system configuration or installing missing packages or libraries. You can refer to the Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux for more details on how to fix common issues.
Skip the prerequisite check or ignore the error if you are sure that your system meets the requirements and the error is not critical. You can use the -ignoreSysPrereqs or -ignorePrereq options to skip the prerequisite check or the -ignoreInternalDriverError option to ignore the error.
Conclusion
In this article, we have shown you how to download and install Oracle Database 12c on Linux, as well as how to create a database using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant. We have also covered some of the benefits of using Oracle Database 12c on Linux, as well as some common issues and solutions that you might encounter during the installation process.
We hope that this article has helped you to successfully install and configure Oracle Database 12c on Linux and enjoy its features and capabilities. If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to leave a comment below.
Thank you for reading and happy database administration!
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions and answers about Oracle Database 12c installation on Linux:
Q: How can I uninstall Oracle Database 12c from Linux?
A: To uninstall Oracle Database 12c from Linux, you need to use the deinstall command that is located in the $ORACLE_HOME/deinstall directory. You need to run this command as the Oracle user that installed the software. You can use the following command to start the deinstallation process:
$ORACLE_HOME/deinstall/deinstall
This command will launch a graphical user interface that will guide you through the deinstallation steps. You can also use the -silent option to run the deinstallation in non-interactive mode.
Q: How can I upgrade Oracle Database 12c to a newer version or patchset?
A: To upgrade Oracle Database 12c to a newer version or patchset, you need to download the upgrade or patchset software from the Oracle website and follow the instructions in the Oracle Database Upgrade Guide for Linux. You need to perform some pre-upgrade and post-upgrade tasks, such as backing up your database, checking compatibility, running the pre-upgrade tool, applying the upgrade or patchset, and running the post-upgrade tool.
Q: How can I connect to Oracle Database 12c from other applications or tools?
A: To connect to Oracle Database 12c from other applications or tools, you need to use an appropriate driver or connector that supports Oracle Database 12c features and protocols. For example, you can use JDBC, ODBC, OCI, or SQL*Net drivers or connectors to connect from Java, C/C++, Python, PHP, or other languages. You can also use tools such as SQL Developer, Toad, or SQL*Plus to connect from graphical or command-line interfaces.
Q: How can I manage Oracle Database 12c on Linux?
A: To manage Oracle Database 12c on Linux, you can use various tools and utilities that are provided by Oracle. For example, you can use Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control or Database Express to monitor and manage your database from a web browser. You can also use SQL*Plus, RMAN, Data Pump, or DBA Studio to perform various administrative tasks from a command-line or graphical interface.
Q: How can I learn more about Oracle Database 12c on Linux?
A: To learn more about Oracle Database 12c on Linux, you can refer to the official documentation that is available on the Oracle website. You can also find many tutorials, articles, blogs, videos, podcasts, and books that cover various aspects of Oracle Database 12c on Linux. You can also join online forums, communities, groups, or events that are related to Oracle Database 12c on Linux and interact with other users and experts. 44f88ac181
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